An erroneous or false idea

• untruth

  1. Something untrue; a lie.
  2. The condition of being false; lack of truth.
  3. Unfaithfulness.

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  1. Something untrue; a lie.
  2. The condition of being false; lack of truth.
  3. Unfaithfulness.

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• falsity

  1. The quality or condition of being false.
  2. Something false; a lie.

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  1. The quality or condition of being false.
  2. Something false; a lie.

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• falseness

  1. The characteristic of being false.

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  1. The characteristic of being false.

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• falsehood

  1. An untrue statement; a lie or an inaccuracy.
  2. The practice of lying.
  3. Lack of conformity to truth or fact; inaccuracy.

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  1. An untrue statement; a lie or an inaccuracy.
  2. The practice of lying.
  3. Lack of conformity to truth or fact; inaccuracy.

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• error

  1. An act, assertion, or belief that unintentionally deviates from what is correct, right, or true.
  2. The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge.
  3. The act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behavior.

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  1. An act, assertion, or belief that unintentionally deviates from what is correct, right, or true.
  2. The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge.
  3. The act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behavior.

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• erroneousness

  1. The state of being in error; the quality of being erroneous.

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  1. The state of being in error; the quality of being erroneous.

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Plausible but invalid reasoning

• spuriousness

  1. The property of being spurious.

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  1. The property of being spurious.

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• speciousness

  1. (uncountable) The state or quality of being specious.
  2. (countable, rare) The result or product of being specious.

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  1. (uncountable) The state or quality of being specious.
  2. (countable, rare) The result or product of being specious.

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• sophistry

  1. Plausible but fallacious argumentation.
  2. A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument.

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  1. Plausible but fallacious argumentation.
  2. A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument.

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• sophism

  1. A plausible but fallacious argument.
  2. Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.

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  1. A plausible but fallacious argument.
  2. Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.

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• casuistry

  1. Specious or excessively subtle reasoning intended to rationalize or mislead.
  2. The determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience by analyzing cases that illustrate general ethical rules.

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  1. Specious or excessively subtle reasoning intended to rationalize or mislead.
  2. The determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience by analyzing cases that illustrate general ethical rules.

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An error in reasoning

• heterodoxy

  1. The condition or quality of being heterodox.
  2. A heterodox opinion or doctrine.

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  1. The condition or quality of being heterodox.
  2. A heterodox opinion or doctrine.

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• heresy

  1. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member.
  2. Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine.
  3. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science.

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  1. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member.
  2. Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine.
  3. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science.

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• invalidity

  1. The state of being invalid; lack of validity.

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  1. The state of being invalid; lack of validity.

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• erratum

  1. An error in printing or writing, especially such an error noted in a list of corrections and bound into a book.

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  1. An error in printing or writing, especially such an error noted in a list of corrections and bound into a book.

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• irrelevancy

  1. Irrelevance.

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  1. Irrelevance.

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• cavil

  1. To argue or find fault over trivial matters; raise petty objections.
  2. To quibble about; point out petty flaws in.
  3. A carping or trivial objection.

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  1. To argue or find fault over trivial matters; raise petty objections.
  2. To quibble about; point out petty flaws in.
  3. A carping or trivial objection.

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• flaw

  1. An imperfection, often concealed, that impairs soundness:
  2. A defect or shortcoming in something intangible:
  3. To cause a flaw in; make defective:

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  1. An imperfection, often concealed, that impairs soundness:
  2. A defect or shortcoming in something intangible:
  3. To cause a flaw in; make defective:

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• quirk

  1. A peculiarity of behavior; an idiosyncrasy:
  2. An unpredictable or unaccountable act or event; a vagary:
  3. A sudden sharp turn or twist:

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  1. A peculiarity of behavior; an idiosyncrasy:
  2. An unpredictable or unaccountable act or event; a vagary:
  3. A sudden sharp turn or twist:

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• miscalculation

  1. An incorrect or mistaken calculation

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  1. An incorrect or mistaken calculation

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• paradox

  1. A statement that seems to contradict itself but may nonetheless be true:
  2. A person, thing, or situation that exhibits inexplicable or contradictory aspects:
  3. A statement that is self-contradictory or logically untenable, though based on a valid deduction from acceptable premises.

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  1. A statement that seems to contradict itself but may nonetheless be true:
  2. A person, thing, or situation that exhibits inexplicable or contradictory aspects:
  3. A statement that is self-contradictory or logically untenable, though based on a valid deduction from acceptable premises.

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• solecism

  1. A nonstandard usage or grammatical construction.
  2. A violation of etiquette.
  3. An impropriety, mistake, or incongruity.

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  1. A nonstandard usage or grammatical construction.
  2. A violation of etiquette.
  3. An impropriety, mistake, or incongruity.

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• ambiguity

  1. Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards interpretation:
  2. Something of doubtful meaning:

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  1. Doubtfulness or uncertainty as regards interpretation:
  2. Something of doubtful meaning:

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• artifice

  1. Deception or trickery:
  2. Something contrived or made up to achieve an end, especially by deceiving; a stratagem or ruse:
  3. Cleverness or ingenuity in making or doing something; art or skill:

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  1. Deception or trickery:
  2. Something contrived or made up to achieve an end, especially by deceiving; a stratagem or ruse:
  3. Cleverness or ingenuity in making or doing something; art or skill:

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• equivoke

  1. Alternative form of equivoque.

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  1. Alternative form of equivoque.

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• speciousness

  1. (uncountable) The state or quality of being specious.
  2. (countable, rare) The result or product of being specious.

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  1. (uncountable) The state or quality of being specious.
  2. (countable, rare) The result or product of being specious.

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• illusion

  1. An erroneous perception of reality:
  2. An erroneous concept or belief:
  3. The condition of being deceived by a false perception or belief:

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  1. An erroneous perception of reality:
  2. An erroneous concept or belief:
  3. The condition of being deceived by a false perception or belief:

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• misleading appearance

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• false notion

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• falsity

  1. The quality or condition of being false.
  2. Something false; a lie.

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  1. The quality or condition of being false.
  2. Something false; a lie.

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• aberration

  1. A deviation from what is considered proper or normal.
  2. A departure from what is typical:
  3. A disorder or abnormal alteration in one's mental state.

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  1. A deviation from what is considered proper or normal.
  2. A departure from what is typical:
  3. A disorder or abnormal alteration in one's mental state.

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• deceptiveness

  1. the state or quality of being deceptive

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  1. the state or quality of being deceptive

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• deceptive belief

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• non sequitur

  1. An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence.
  2. A statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it.

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  1. An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence.
  2. A statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it.

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• preconception

  1. An opinion or conception formed in advance of adequate knowledge or experience, especially a prejudice or bias.

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  1. An opinion or conception formed in advance of adequate knowledge or experience, especially a prejudice or bias.

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• prejudice

  1. The act or state of holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or convictions:
  2. An adverse judgment or opinion formed unfairly or without knowledge of the facts:
  3. Irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular social group, such as a race or the adherents of a religion.

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  1. The act or state of holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or convictions:
  2. An adverse judgment or opinion formed unfairly or without knowledge of the facts:
  3. Irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular social group, such as a race or the adherents of a religion.

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• bias

  1. A line going diagonally across the grain of fabric:
  2. A preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment.
  3. An unfair act or policy stemming from prejudice.

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  1. A line going diagonally across the grain of fabric:
  2. A preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment.
  3. An unfair act or policy stemming from prejudice.

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• perversion

  1. The act of perverting.
  2. The state of being perverted.
  3. A sexual practice or act considered abnormal or deviant.

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  1. The act of perverting.
  2. The state of being perverted.
  3. A sexual practice or act considered abnormal or deviant.

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• deviation from truth

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• error

  1. An act, assertion, or belief that unintentionally deviates from what is correct, right, or true.
  2. The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge.
  3. The act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behavior.

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  1. An act, assertion, or belief that unintentionally deviates from what is correct, right, or true.
  2. The condition of having incorrect or false knowledge.
  3. The act or an instance of deviating from an accepted code of behavior.

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• inexactness

  1. The characteristic or quality of being inexact; a lack of precision, accuracy, or certainty.

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  1. The characteristic or quality of being inexact; a lack of precision, accuracy, or certainty.

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• erroneousness

  1. The state of being in error; the quality of being erroneous.

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  1. The state of being in error; the quality of being erroneous.

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• misinterpretation

  1. An instance of misinterpreting.

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  1. An instance of misinterpreting.

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• jesuitry

  1. Jesuitism; subtle argument.

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  1. Jesuitism; subtle argument.

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• subterfuge

  1. Deception used to achieve an end:
  2. A deceptive stratagem or device:

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  1. Deception used to achieve an end:
  2. A deceptive stratagem or device:

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• equivocation

  1. The use of equivocal language.
  2. An equivocal statement or expression.

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  1. The use of equivocal language.
  2. An equivocal statement or expression.

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• delusion

  1. The act or process of deluding.
  2. The state of being deluded.
  3. A false belief or opinion:

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  1. The act or process of deluding.
  2. The state of being deluded.
  3. A false belief or opinion:

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• deception

  1. The use of deceit.
  2. The fact or state of being deceived.
  3. A ruse; a trick.

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  1. The use of deceit.
  2. The fact or state of being deceived.
  3. A ruse; a trick.

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• deceit

  1. The act or practice of deceiving; deception.
  2. A stratagem; a trick.
  3. The quality of being deceitful; falseness.

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  1. The act or practice of deceiving; deception.
  2. A stratagem; a trick.
  3. The quality of being deceitful; falseness.

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• evasion

  1. The act or an instance of evading.
  2. A means of evading; a subterfuge.

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  1. The act or an instance of evading.
  2. A means of evading; a subterfuge.

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• quibbling

  1. Present participle of quibble.
  2. petty argument

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  1. Present participle of quibble.
  2. petty argument

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• quibble

  1. To argue or find fault over trivial matters or minor concerns; cavil.
  2. A trivial matter or minor concern raised in arguing or finding fault.
  3. A pun.

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  1. To argue or find fault over trivial matters or minor concerns; cavil.
  2. A trivial matter or minor concern raised in arguing or finding fault.
  3. A pun.

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• casuistry

  1. Specious or excessively subtle reasoning intended to rationalize or mislead.
  2. The determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience by analyzing cases that illustrate general ethical rules.

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  1. Specious or excessively subtle reasoning intended to rationalize or mislead.
  2. The determination of right and wrong in questions of conduct or conscience by analyzing cases that illustrate general ethical rules.

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• sophistry

  1. Plausible but fallacious argumentation.
  2. A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument.

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  1. Plausible but fallacious argumentation.
  2. A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument.

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• sophism

  1. A plausible but fallacious argument.
  2. Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.

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  1. A plausible but fallacious argument.
  2. Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.

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• illogicality

  1. Something illogical.

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  1. Something illogical.

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• inconsistency

  1. The state or quality of being inconsistent.
  2. Something inconsistent:

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  1. The state or quality of being inconsistent.
  2. Something inconsistent:

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A mistaken idea

• delusion

  1. The act or process of deluding.
  2. The state of being deluded.
  3. A false belief or opinion:

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  1. The act or process of deluding.
  2. The state of being deluded.
  3. A false belief or opinion:

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• misapprehension

  1. a failure to understand something; an illusion, misconception or misunderstanding

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  1. a failure to understand something; an illusion, misconception or misunderstanding

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• misconception

  1. A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding:

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  1. A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding:

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