A life-renter can only grant a lease that is effectual during the subsistence of the life-rent.

The means of subsistence are mainly provided by the cultivation of grain and cattle-rearing.

The circumstances which render necessary the habitual pursuit of wild animals, either as a means of subsistence or for self-defence, generally accompany a phase of human progress distinctly inferior to the pastoral and agricultural stages; resorted to as a recreation, however, the practice of the chase in most cases indicates a considerable degree of civilization, and sometimes ultimately becomes the almost distinctive employment of the classes which are possessed of most leisure and wealth.

Agriculture is the chief means of subsistence; rice being a crop of particular importance.

But the development of means of subsistence has been outstripped by the growth of population in recent years.