The oak in turn has been almost superseded in Denmark by the beech, which, if we may trust Julius Caesar, had not reached Britain in his time, though it existed there in the pre-glacial period, but is not native in either Scotland or Ireland.

Caesar occupied it in 49 B.C. after his crossing of the Rubicon.

Two years later Julius Caesar made himself master of Rome and despatched the captive Aristobulus with two legions to win Judaea (49 B.C.).

By implication Caesar recognizes as a fourth division the province of Gallia Narbonensis.

25; Suetonius, Caesar, 9; Caesar, Bell.