An instance of the latter is furnished by John of Margat, a vassal of the seignory of Arsuf.
In 1873 he attacked Khiva, took the capital, and forced the khan to become a vassal of Russia.
The vassal was bound to pay military service, not, as in western Europe, for a limited period of forty days, but for the whole year - the Holy Land being, as it were, in a perpetual state of siege.
The principality is divided between the sultan (vassal of the Dutch government) and the so-called independent prince Paku Alam; Ngawen and Imogiri are enclaves of Surakarta.
Snorri himself became the lendrma8r, vassal or baron, of the king of Norway, and held his lands as a fief under him.