Thereupon the power of church and state enforced by positive enactments the passive resistance of old institutions to the novel theories.
And the passive resistance of those who refused to conform at length gave rise to active opposition.
A period followed of arbitrary government on the one hand and of stubborn passive resistance on the other.
The captured passes were therefore fortified (as Feng-hwang-cheng had been) for passive resistance.
The attitude of passive resistance is, however, still maintained, and has affected the position of the duchy of Brunswick.