The whites who were responsible for the conduct of the blacks were warned or driven away by social and business ostracism or by violence.

The conflict between the two leaders ended in the ostracism of Aristides, at a date variously given between 485 and 482.

It is an extraordinary fact that, if ostracism was introduced in 598 B.C. for the purpose of expelling Hipparchus it was not till twenty years later that he was condemned.

4, and note that in Athens, ostracism gratuitously anticipated a crime which, if committed, would have been punishable in the popular Heliaea.

Aristotle, admitting its usefulness, rightly describes ostracism as in theory tyrannical; Montesquieu (Esprit des lois, xii.