Under Charlemagne and his successors it was not used.
He sent an embassy to Charlemagne in 768 and was deposed in 774, whereupon he fled to Bamburgh and afterwards to the Picts.
Under Charlemagne, the Jews, who had begun to settle in Gaul in the time of Caesar, were more than tolerated.
Charlemagne was unable to persuade Pope Leo III.
The fragmentation of Charlemagne 's realm continued, destroying any semblance of unity.